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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RHETORIC OF ARISTOTLE (2)

From the point of view of the Rhetoric, Aristotle distinguished three kinds: the deliberative, judicial and epideictic. The deliberation is evident in the political discourse, who addresses the assembly. The critical time, in this case is the future (political proposals will materialize in the coming days), there are two concepts that are associated with that genre: the council and deterrence. A leader can advise you of certain actions that could make or, if otherwise, discourage the mass for some acts which, for him, are absolutely irrelevant.

reveals judicial Gender in speaking of the lawyer, who goes to the judges. Here the key is the last time because the lawyer has the facts that happened and to develop technical tests, there are two core concepts: the prosecution and defense. The prosecutor accused, the defense lawyer, by contrast, argues in favor of his client.

The epideictic genre is represented by the speaker who speaks to viewers. The most important time is the present but you can use the past or the future. The literary discourse types are associated with this genre. The two basic concepts are the praise and blame. For example, Apology Don Luis de Gongora y Argote Juan Espinoza Medrano is situated here. parts of Neruda's Canto general have a clear tone of political diatribe.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RHETORIC OF ARISTOTLE (1) RHETORIC

Aristotle's Rhetoric has three books: the first focuses on the speaker, the second in the relationship between the receiver and the speaker, and the third, in the speech . For Aristotle, Rhetoric has three main parts: inventio, and elocutio dispositio. In the Latin world comes to have five parts thanks to the work of authors such as Quintilian, Cicero and the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium .

Regarding the inventio, we can distinguish between "convince" (rationally) and the "thrill", but both aspects complement each other forever. It convinces through tests, which may be technical or extratécnicas. The former are essentially the enthymeme and example, the latter are contracts, codes, wills, witness statements, etc.. Aristotle (who focus on "technical evidence") said that the enthymeme is a syllogism which is implied probability of the premises:

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José José's father loves his children

In such sense, we say: "Parents often love their children, therefore, Joseph loves his." They note that the premise 2 is implied in the rhetorical argument. Note that does not use the premise "All parents love their children" because it would take the probabilistic side enthymeme.

Regarding the example, this is a test based on the principle of analogy and seeks to establish a kind of intertextual relationship between two particular cases. Verbigracia, "the fire as the reason appears in 'Letters' of César Moro, in the same manner as stated in 'Common Law' by André Breton, and so on."

As for the "thrill" is relevant to refer to the speaker's moral character and feelings (calm, hate, love, etc..) It produces in the spectators. Aristotle, in this case, a study of feelings and assigns a key role in the persuasion process.

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PARTIES AS ART OF RHETORIC (II)

The judicial discourse structure led to rhetoric (the source of modern style and trends of contemporary literary theory) to specify the parts of the discipline. In this sense, the rhetoric has five parts: inventio, the dispositio, elocutio, memory and actio.

For Greco-Roman rhetoric, inventio involves the pursuit of "issues" that are housed in so-called loci (places in the memory). Later, in the modern world began inventio closely linked with the ideology that carries a poetic text.

The dispositio is associated with the notion of structure, because the judicial discourse should possess, according to some classical writers, introduction, narration, argumentation, and a final peroration.

For its part, the elocutio is linked to the idea of \u200b\u200bstyle and emphasizes the need for the use of rhetorical figures. Traditionally, the figures were classified phonic figures (alliteration, eg, present in the following verses of the poet Garcilaso Toledo: "In silence was heard / a whisper that sounded bee"), syntactic (hyperbaton or change the order of the components of the sentence and other figures), semantic (metaphor, metonymy, among other resources) and thought (allegory, for example, that implies a sort of challenge to our habitual way of viewing the world).

Memory (quarter of the rhetoric) that emphasizes the need to know the speech without need of visual support. For Finally, the actio which is how we run the front of the public discourse in order to fulfill the purpose persuasive. Undoubtedly, in modern rhetoric began to develop more elocutio (rhetorical figures, in particular) and missed the totalizing vision was Aristotle's Rhetoric on philosophical roots. But this issue will be the subject of the third article I will write later.

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RHETORIC: BANALITY OR EXERCISE OF KNOWLEDGE? (I) THE CONCEPT OF POETRY

are commonly used expressions like "the poem is largely rhetorical" or "in that speech rhetoric abounds." In both cases, sliding idea that the term "rhetoric" becomes an obvious pejorative, it alludes to the excess of words and lack of ideas in the strictest sense of término.Sin But rhetoric is a knowledge that had a legal origin and was born in V century, BC, in Syracuse. Can be defined as an art or a science.

In the first case, it is an artistic practice, aimed at persuading the public and with its first model in the speech of defense in the legal field. That is, we speak of a rhetorical praxis when he, through the use of the spoken word, seeks to convince its receptors on the basis of tests used to verify their arguments.

In the second case, the rhetoric is a theory that began focusing on the study of speech and then he put emphasis primarily on the analysis of artistic texts, although there are works dealing with the operation argumentative political discourse and those that occur in the field of law. However, the rhetoric as theory and praxis is not merely a triviality, but an exercise of knowledge. Has provided a great deal of knowledge to the human sciences, hence its relevance is undeniable.

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The term "poetry" can be understood in two senses: as "under review" and "theory." In the first case, "poetry" is a conceptualization about the poetry do, so we speak of "the poetry of Mario Vargas Llosa" or "futurist poetics." Consequently, if we followed the approach of Tzvetan Todorov and Oswald Ducrot ( Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language Sciences ), poetics involves all elections conducted by an author or literary school, certain formal codes, thematic, ideological , etc. For example, the idea of \u200b\u200bautomatic writing plays an essential role in surrealist poetry. It is also important to distinguish between a "poetic explicit" (visible in poems that are called "Poetic Art" texts that speak of poetic writing, manifestos or foreword written by authors like Jorge Luis Borges and Ruben Dario, where there is so Clearly a conceptualization about making poetry) and "implicit poetics" (in every poem there, tacitly, a poetic vision of making).

In the second case, "poetry" is a rigorous theory of literature, which tends to the scientific. Thus, Roman Jakobson says that the "poetic can be defined as that part of linguistics that deals with the poetic function and the relationship with the other functions of language "(1). The Russian formalists sought literariness as that distinctive property of literary texts. But also the poetic theory can be understood from a more interdisciplinary, for example, a poetry based on the ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin, would exceed the optical length of some Russian formalists immanentist.


questions to ask

A) What are the links between poetic arts and the emergence of poetry as scientific discourse?
B) Why do the arts have now lost poetic dimension was mandatory that the art of poetry of Nicolas Boileau (1674), representative of the discourse of power in Ancien Régime ?


(1) Jakobson, Roman. Linguistics and Poetics. Madrid, Ed Chair, 1988, p. 42.

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